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<section id="passlib-hash-bsdi-crypt-bsdi-crypt">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#passlib.hash.bsdi_crypt" title="passlib.hash.bsdi_crypt"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.bsdi_crypt</span></code></a> - BSDi Crypt<a class="headerlink" href="#passlib-hash-bsdi-crypt-bsdi-crypt" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<div class="block-title admonition danger">
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
<p><strong>This algorithm is not considered secure by modern standards.</strong>
It should only be used when verifying existing hashes,
or when interacting with applications that require this format.
For new code, see the list of <a class="reference internal" href="../narr/quickstart.html#recommended-hashes"><span class="std std-ref">recommended hashes</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<p>This algorithm was developed by BSDi for their BSD/OS distribution.
It’s based on <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.des_crypt.html#passlib.hash.des_crypt" title="passlib.hash.des_crypt"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">des_crypt</span></code></a>, and contains a larger
salt and a variable number of rounds. This algorithm is also
known as “Extended DES Crypt”.
It class can be used directly as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">passlib.hash</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">bsdi_crypt</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># generate new salt, hash password</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">hash</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bsdi_crypt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">hash</span>
<span class="go">'_7C/.Bf/4gZk10RYRs4Y'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># same, but with explict number of rounds</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">bsdi_crypt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">using</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rounds</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10001</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'_FQ0.amG/zwCMip7DnBk'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># verify password</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">bsdi_crypt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">hash</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">bsdi_crypt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"secret"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">hash</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p>the generic <a class="reference internal" href="../narr/hash-tutorial.html#password-hash-examples"><span class="std std-ref">PasswordHash usage examples</span></a></p>
</div>
<section id="interface">
<h2>Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#interface" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="passlib.hash.bsdi_crypt">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">bsdi_crypt</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#passlib.hash.bsdi_crypt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class implements the BSDi-Crypt password hash, and follows the <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html#password-hash-api"><span class="std std-ref">PasswordHash API</span></a>.</p>
<p>It supports a fixed-length salt, and a variable number of rounds.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html#passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.using" title="passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.using"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">using()</span></code></a> method accepts the following optional keywords:</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>salt</strong> (<em>str</em>) – Optional salt string.
If not specified, one will be autogenerated (this is recommended).
If specified, it must be 4 characters, drawn from the regexp range <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[./0-9A-Za-z]</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>rounds</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Optional number of rounds to use.
Defaults to 5001, must be between 1 and 16777215, inclusive.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>relaxed</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – <p>By default, providing an invalid value for one of the other
keywords will result in a <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code>. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">relaxed=True</span></code>,
and the error can be corrected, a <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.exc.html#passlib.exc.PasslibHashWarning" title="passlib.exc.PasslibHashWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasslibHashWarning</span></code></a>
will be issued instead. Correctable errors include <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rounds</span></code>
that are too small or too large, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">salt</span></code> strings that are too long.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 1.6.</span></p>
</div>
</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 1.6: </span><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash()</span></code> will now issue a warning if an even number of rounds is used
(see <a class="reference internal" href="#bsdi-crypt-security-issues"><span class="std std-ref">Security Issues</span></a> regarding weak DES keys).</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This class will use the first available of two possible backends:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>stdlib <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt()</span></code>, if the host OS supports BSDi-Crypt
(primarily BSD-derived systems).</p></li>
<li><p>a pure Python implementation of BSDi-Crypt built into Passlib.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>You can see which backend is in use by calling the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_backend()</span></code> method.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="format">
<h2>Format<a class="headerlink" href="#format" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>An example hash (of the string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password</span></code>) is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_EQ0.jzhSVeUyoSqLupI</span></code>.
A bsdi_crypt hash string consists of a 20 character string of the form <code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_</span><em><span class="pre">rounds</span></em><em><span class="pre">salt</span></em><em><span class="pre">checksum</span></em></code>.
All characters except the underscore prefix are drawn from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[./0-9A-Za-z]</span></code>.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_</span></code> - the underscore is used to distinguish this scheme from others, such as des-crypt.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">rounds</span></em></code> is the number of rounds, stored as a 4 character <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.utils.binary.html#passlib.utils.binary.h64" title="passlib.utils.binary.h64"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash64</span></code></a>-encoded 24-bit integer (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EQ0.</span></code> in the example).</p></li>
<li><p><code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">salt</span></em></code> is the salt, stored as as a 4 character hash64-encoded 24-bit integer (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jzhS</span></code> in the example).</p></li>
<li><p><code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">checksum</span></em></code> is the checksum, stored as an 11 character hash64-encoded 64-bit integer (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VeUyoSqLupI</span></code> in the example).</p></li>
</ul>
<p>A bsdi_crypt configuration string is also accepted by this module;
and has the same format as the hash string, but with the checksum portion omitted.</p>
</section>
<section class="html-toggle" id="algorithm">
<h2>Algorithm<a class="headerlink" href="#algorithm" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The checksum is formed by a modified version of the DES cipher in encrypt mode:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Given a password string, a salt string, and rounds string.</p></li>
<li><p>The 4 character rounds string is decoded to a 24-bit integer rounds value;
The rounds string uses little-endian <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.utils.binary.html#passlib.utils.binary.h64" title="passlib.utils.binary.h64"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash64</span></code></a>
encoding.</p></li>
<li><p>The 4 character salt string is decoded to a 24-bit integer salt value;
The salt string uses little-endian <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.utils.binary.html#passlib.utils.binary.h64" title="passlib.utils.binary.h64"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash64</span></code></a>
encoding.</p></li>
<li><p>The password is NULL-padded on the end to the smallest non-zero multiple of 8 bytes.</p></li>
<li><p>The lower 7 bits of the first 8 bytes of the password are used
to form a 56-bit integer; with the first byte providing
the most significant 7 bits, and the 8th byte providing
the least significant 7 bits. This is the DES key.</p></li>
<li><p>For each additional block of 8 bytes in the padded password:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ol class="loweralpha simple">
<li><p>The current DES key is encrypted using a single round of normal DES,
with itself as the input block.</p></li>
<li><p>Step 5 is repeated for the current 8-byte block, and xored against the
existing DES key.</p></li>
</ol>
</div></blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>Repeated rounds of (modified) DES encryption are performed;
starting with a null input block,
and using the 56-bit integer from step 5/6 as the DES key.</p>
<p>The salt is used to to mutate the normal DES encrypt operation
by swapping bits <code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">i</span></em></code> and <code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="pre">+24</span></code> in the DES E-Box output
if and only if bit <code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">i</span></em></code> is set in the salt value.</p>
<p>The number of rounds is controlled by the value decoded in step 2.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The 64-bit result of the last round of step 7 is then
lsb-padded with 2 zero bits.</p></li>
<li><p>The resulting 66-bit integer is encoded in big-endian order
using the <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.utils.binary.html#passlib.utils.binary.h64big" title="passlib.utils.binary.h64big"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash64-big</span></code></a> format.</p></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="security-issues">
<span id="bsdi-crypt-security-issues"></span><h2>Security Issues<a class="headerlink" href="#security-issues" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>BSDi Crypt should not be considered sufficiently secure, for a number of reasons:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Its use of the DES stream cipher, which is vulnerable to practical pre-image attacks,
and considered broken, as well as having too-small key and block sizes.</p></li>
<li><p>The 24-bit salt is too small to defeat rainbow-table attacks
(most modern algorithms provide at least a 48-bit salt).</p></li>
<li><p>The fact that it only uses the lower 7 bits of each byte of the password
restricts the keyspace which needs to be searched.</p></li>
<li><p>Additionally, even <em>rounds</em> values are slightly weaker still,
as they may reveal the hash used one of the weak DES keys <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#weak" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>3<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>.
This information could theoretically allow an attacker to perform a
brute-force attack on a reduced keyspace and against only 1-2 rounds of DES.
(This issue is mitigated by the fact that few passwords are both valid <em>and</em>
result in a weak key).</p></li>
</ul>
<p>This algorithm is none-the-less stronger than <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">des_crypt</span></code> itself,
since it supports variable rounds, a larger salt size,
and uses all the bytes of the password.</p>
</section>
<section id="deviations">
<h2>Deviations<a class="headerlink" href="#deviations" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>This implementation of bsdi-crypt differs from others in one way:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Unicode Policy:</p>
<p>The original bsdi-crypt algorithm was designed for 7-bit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">us-ascii</span></code> encoding only
(as evidenced by the fact that it discards the 8th bit of all password bytes).</p>
<p>In order to provide support for unicode strings,
Passlib will encode unicode passwords using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utf-8</span></code>
before running them through bsdi-crypt. If a different
encoding is desired by an application, the password should be encoded
before handing it to Passlib.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id2" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Primary source used for description of bsdi-crypt format & algorithm -
<a class="reference external" href="http://fuse4bsd.creo.hu/localcgi/man-cgi.cgi?crypt+3">http://fuse4bsd.creo.hu/localcgi/man-cgi.cgi?crypt+3</a></p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id3" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Another source describing algorithm -
<a class="reference external" href="http://ftp.lava.net/cgi-bin/bsdi-man?proto=1.1&query=crypt&msection=3&apropos=0">http://ftp.lava.net/cgi-bin/bsdi-man?proto=1.1&query=crypt&msection=3&apropos=0</a></p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="weak" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">3</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>DES weak keys - <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_key#Weak_keys_in_DES">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_key#Weak_keys_in_DES</a></p>
</aside>
</aside>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../narr/index.html">Walkthrough & Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">API Reference</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.apache.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.apache</span></code> - Apache Password Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.apps.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.apps</span></code> - Helpers for various applications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.context.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.context</span></code> - CryptContext Hash Manager</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.crypto.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.crypto</span></code> - Cryptographic Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.exc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.exc</span></code> - Exceptions and warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ext.django.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.ext.django</span></code> - Django Password Hashing Plugin</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash</span></code> - Password Hashing Schemes</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3 current"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#unix-hashes">Unix Hashes</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#active-unix-hashes">Active Unix Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#deprecated-unix-hashes">Deprecated Unix Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4 current"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#archaic-unix-hashes">Archaic Unix Hashes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#other-modular-crypt-hashes">Other “Modular Crypt” Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#ldap-rfc2307-hashes">LDAP / RFC2307 Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#sql-database-hashes">SQL Database Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#ms-windows-hashes">MS Windows Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#cisco-hashes">Cisco Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#other-hashes">Other Hashes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hosts.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hosts</span></code> - OS Password Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.ifc</span></code> – Password Hash Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.pwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.pwd</span></code> – Password generation helpers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.registry.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.registry</span></code> - Password Handler Registry</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.totp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.totp</span></code> – TOTP / Two Factor Authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.utils</span></code> - Helper Functions</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../other.html">Other Documentation</a></li>
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