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<section id="passlib-hash-lmhash-lanmanager-hash">
<span id="index-0"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#passlib.hash.lmhash" title="passlib.hash.lmhash"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.lmhash</span></code></a> - LanManager Hash<a class="headerlink" href="#passlib-hash-lmhash-lanmanager-hash" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<div class="block-title admonition danger">
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
<p><strong>This algorithm is not considered secure by modern standards.</strong>
It should only be used when verifying existing hashes,
or when interacting with applications that require this format.
For new code, see the list of <a class="reference internal" href="../narr/quickstart.html#recommended-hashes"><span class="std std-ref">recommended hashes</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 1.6.</span></p>
</div>
<p>This class implements the LanManager Hash (aka <em>LanMan</em> or <em>LM</em> hash).
It was used by early versions of Microsoft Windows to store user passwords,
until it was supplanted (though not entirely replaced) by
the <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.nthash.html"><span class="doc">nthash</span></a> algorithm in Windows NT.
It continues to crop up in production due to its integral role
in the legacy NTLM authentication protocol.
This class can be used directly as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">passlib.hash</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">lmhash</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># hash password</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmhash</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h</span>
<span class="go">'e52cac67419a9a224a3b108f3fa6cb6d'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># verify correct password</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">lmhash</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># verify incorrect password</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">lmhash</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"secret"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p>the generic <a class="reference internal" href="../narr/hash-tutorial.html#password-hash-examples"><span class="std std-ref">PasswordHash usage examples</span></a></p>
</div>
<section id="interface">
<h2>Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#interface" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="passlib.hash.lmhash">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lmhash</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#passlib.hash.lmhash" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class implements the Lan Manager Password hash, and follows the <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html#password-hash-api"><span class="std std-ref">PasswordHash API</span></a>.</p>
<p>It has no salt and a single fixed round.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html#passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.using" title="passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.using"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">using()</span></code></a> method accepts a single
optional keyword:</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>truncate_error</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – <p>By default, this will silently truncate passwords larger than 14 bytes.
Setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truncate_error=True</span></code> will cause <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html#passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.hash" title="passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.hash"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash()</span></code></a>
to raise a <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.exc.html#passlib.exc.PasswordTruncateError" title="passlib.exc.PasswordTruncateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordTruncateError</span></code></a> instead.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 1.7.</span></p>
</div>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html#passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.hash" title="passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.hash"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html#passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.verify" title="passlib.ifc.PasswordHash.verify"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verify()</span></code></a> methods accept a single
optional keyword:</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>encoding</strong> (<em>str</em>) – This specifies what character encoding LMHASH should use when
calculating digest. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp437</span></code>, the most
common encoding encountered.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Note that while this class outputs digests in lower-case hexadecimal,
it will accept upper-case as well.</p>
</dd></dl>
<section id="issues-with-non-ascii-characters">
<h3>Issues with Non-ASCII Characters<a class="headerlink" href="#issues-with-non-ascii-characters" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Passwords containing only <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii</span></code> characters should hash and compare
correctly across all LMhash implementations. However, due to historical
issues, no two LMhash implementations handle non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii</span></code> characters in quite
the same way. While Passlib makes every attempt to behave as close to correct
as possible, the meaning of “correct” is dependant on the software you are
interoperating with. If you think you will have passwords containing
non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii</span></code> characters, please read the <a class="reference internal" href="#deviations">Deviations</a> section (below) for
details about the known interoperability issues. It’s a mess of codepages.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section class="html-toggle" id="format-algorithm">
<h2>Format & Algorithm<a class="headerlink" href="#format-algorithm" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>A LM hash consists of 32 hexadecimal digits,
which encode the 16 byte digest. An example hash (of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password</span></code>) is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">e52cac67419a9a224a3b108f3fa6cb6d</span></code>.</p>
<p>The digest is calculated as follows:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>First, the password should be converted to uppercase, and encoded
using the “OEM Codepage” of the Windows release that the host / target
server is running <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#cp" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>.</p>
<p>For pure-ASCII passwords, this step can be performed
using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">us-ascii</span></code> encoding (as most OEM Codepages are ASCII-compatible).
However, for passwords with non-ASCII characters, this step is fraught
with compatibility issues and border cases (see <a class="reference internal" href="#deviations">Deviations</a> for details).</p>
</li>
<li><p>The password is then truncated to 14 bytes,
or the end NULL padded to 14 bytes; as appropriate.</p></li>
<li><p>The first 7 bytes of the truncated password from step 2 are used as a key
to DES encrypt the constant <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KGS!@#$%</span></code>, resulting
in the first 8 bytes of the final digest.</p></li>
<li><p>Step 3 is repeated using the second 7 bytes of the password from step 2,
resulting in the second 8 bytes of the final digest.</p></li>
<li><p>The combined digests from 3 and 4 are then encoded to hexadecimal.</p></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="security-issues">
<h2>Security Issues<a class="headerlink" href="#security-issues" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Due to a myriad of flaws, and the existence high-speed password cracking software
dedicated to LMHASH, this algorithm should be considered broken. The major flaws include:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>It has no salt, making hashes easily pre-computable.</p></li>
<li><p>It limits the password to 14 characters, and converts the password to
uppercase before hashing, greatly reducing the keyspace.</p></li>
<li><p>By breaking the password into two independent chunks,
they can be attacked independently and simultaneously.</p></li>
<li><p>The independence of the chunks reveals significant information
about the original password: The second 8 bytes of the digest
are the same for all passwords < 8 bytes; and for passwords
of 8-9 characters, the second chunk can be broken <em>much</em> faster,
revealing part of the password, and reducing the likely
keyspace for the first chunk.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="deviations">
<h2>Deviations<a class="headerlink" href="#deviations" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Passlib’s implementation differs from others in a few ways, all related to
the handling of non-ASCII characters.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Unicode Policy:</p>
<p>Officially, unicode passwords should be encoded using the “OEM Codepage”
used <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#cp" id="id2" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a> by the specific release of Windows that the host or target server
is running. Common encodings include <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp437</span></code> (used by the English
edition of Windows XP), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp580</span></code> (used by many Western European editions
of XP), and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp866</span></code> (used by many Eastern European editions of XP).
Complicating matters further, some third-party implementations are known
to use encodings such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">latin-1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utf-8</span></code>, which cause
non-ASCII characters to hash in a manner incompatible with the canonical
MS Windows implementation.</p>
<p>Thus if an application wishes to provide support for non-ASCII passwords,
it must decide which encoding to use.</p>
<p>Passlib uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp437</span></code> as it’s default encoding for unicode strings.
However, if your database used a different encoding, you will need to either
first encode the passwords into bytes, or override the default encoding
via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lmhash.hash(secret,</span> <span class="pre">encoding="some-other-codec")</span></code></p>
<p>All known encodings are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">us-ascii</span></code>-compatible, so for ASCII passwords,
the default should be sufficient.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Upper Case Conversion:</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Future releases of Passlib may change this behavior
as new information and code is integrated.</p>
</div>
<p>Once critical step in the LMHASH algorithm is converting the password
to upper case. While ASCII characters are uppercased as normal,
non-ASCII characters are converted in implementation-dependant ways:</p>
<p>Windows systems encode the password first, and then
convert it to uppercase using an codepage-specific table.
For the most part these tables seem to agree with the Unicode specification,
but there are some codepoints where they deviate (for example,
Unicode uppercases U+00B5 -> U+039C, but <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp437</span></code> leaves it unchanged <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#uc" id="id3" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>3<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>).</p>
<p>In contrast, most third-party implementations (Passlib included)
perform the uppercase conversion first using the Unicode specification,
and then encode the password second; despite the non-ASCII border cases where the
resulting hash would not match the official Windows hash.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id4" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Article used as reference for algorithm -
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2717">http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2717</a>.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="cp" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<span class="backrefs">(<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">1</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id2">2</a>)</span>
<p>The OEM codepage used by specific Window XP (and earlier) releases
can be found at <a class="reference external" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/nl-nl/goglobal/cc563921%28en-us%29.aspx">http://msdn.microsoft.com/nl-nl/goglobal/cc563921%28en-us%29.aspx</a>.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="uc" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id3">3</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Online discussion dealing with upper-case encoding issues -
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.openwall.com/lists/john-dev/2011/08/01/2">http://www.openwall.com/lists/john-dev/2011/08/01/2</a>.</p>
</aside>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../narr/index.html">Walkthrough & Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">API Reference</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.apache.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.apache</span></code> - Apache Password Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.apps.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.apps</span></code> - Helpers for various applications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.context.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.context</span></code> - CryptContext Hash Manager</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.crypto.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.crypto</span></code> - Cryptographic Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.exc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.exc</span></code> - Exceptions and warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ext.django.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.ext.django</span></code> - Django Password Hashing Plugin</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash</span></code> - Password Hashing Schemes</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#unix-hashes">Unix Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#other-modular-crypt-hashes">Other “Modular Crypt” Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#ldap-rfc2307-hashes">LDAP / RFC2307 Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#sql-database-hashes">SQL Database Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3 current"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#ms-windows-hashes">MS Windows Hashes</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l4 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.lmhash</span></code> - LanManager Hash</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.nthash.html"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.nthash</span></code> - Windows’ NT-HASH</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.msdcc.html"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.msdcc</span></code> - Windows’ Domain Cached Credentials</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.msdcc2.html"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hash.msdcc2</span></code> - Windows’ Domain Cached Credentials v2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#cisco-hashes">Cisco Hashes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hash.html#other-hashes">Other Hashes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.hosts.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.hosts</span></code> - OS Password Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.ifc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.ifc</span></code> – Password Hash Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.pwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.pwd</span></code> – Password generation helpers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.registry.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.registry</span></code> - Password Handler Registry</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.totp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.totp</span></code> – TOTP / Two Factor Authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="passlib.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passlib.utils</span></code> - Helper Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../other.html">Other Documentation</a></li>
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